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Black-chinned laughingthrush
The black-chinned laughingthrush (''Trochalopteron cachinnans'') is a species of laughingthrush endemic to the high elevation areas of the Nilgiris and adjoining hill ranges in Peninsular India. The mosty rufous underparts, olive brown upperparts, a prominent white eyebrow and a black throat make it unmistakable. It is easily detected by its loud series of nasal call notes and can be hard to spot when it is hidden away inside a patch of dense vegetation. The species has a confusing taxonomic history, leading to a range of names. There are two subspecies, the nominate form in the Nilgiris (earlier called the Nilgiri laughingthrush or rufous-breasted laughingthrush) and ''jerdoni'' (earlier called the Banasore laughingthrush) with a grey upper breast and found in the Brahmagiris of Coorg and Banasura range of Wayanad. They are omnivorous, feeding on a range of insects, berries and nectar. In the past the grey-breasted form ''jerdoni'' was included with forms found south of the Palghat Gap, which are now separated as the Kerala laughingthrush.
==Taxonomy==
The species was described by Jerdon in 1839. In 1872 he noted further that the form ''Trochalopteron jerdoni'' that he had discovered on the peak of Banasore in Wynaad would likely also occur in Coorg. He added that despite being only about 50 to 60 miles from the western edge of the Nilgiris that they were separated by lower hills. The species ''jerdoni'' included ''fairbanki'' and ''meridionale'' (both from south of the Palghat Gap) while ''cachinnans'' was kept separate. This treatment of ''jerdoni'' and ''cachinnans'' as species continued until 2005 when Rasmussen and Anderton grouped the black-chinned forms north of the Palghat Gap into one species with ''jerdoni'' of Coorg-Wynaad treated as a subspecies of ''cachinnans''. The wider distribution of the taxon made the older name of "Nilgiri laughing-thrush" inappropriate. The form south of the Palghat gap without a black-chin was elevated to a full species, ''fairbanki'' with ''meridionale'' as a subspecies, and called the Kerala laughingthrush. Stuart Baker in the second edition of the ''Fauna of British India'' included a subspecies ''cinnamomeum'' described by William Ruxton Davison from two specimens obtained by Atholl Macgregor, British Resident in Travancore, from an unknown location. This is usually not recognized but the description was based on two specimens with the black of the chin and lores replaced by dark brown. Stuart Baker used several genera for the south Indian laughingthrushes. ''Trochalopteron'' was said to have the nostril visible and not covered by overhanging bristles as in ''Ianthocincla'', the genus in which the Wynaad laughingthrush was placed. Subsequent revision by Ripley and Ali lumped all the south Indian laughingthrushes into the single genus ''Garrulax''. The genus splits have however been reinstated on the basis of differences in structure and studies of DNA sequence evolution leading to this species being included in the genus ''Trochalopteron''.
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